commit c5e952d7d7c5574957b21f3750b3265e2b12e79e
Author: EvilMuffinHa <hkailadka88@gmail.com>
Date:   Tue Aug 2 08:55:59 2022 -0400

    conversions

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..96ef6c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+/target
+Cargo.lock
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e9ca22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[package]
+name = "smallint"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]
+num-bigint = "0.4.3"
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd58eb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+//! A crate for small integer optimization. Provides the [`SmallInt`] type. When possible this will
+//! inline an integer and store it on the stack if that integer is small. However, for larger values, 
+//! this will be instead stored on the heap as a pointer to a `u32` slice, a length, and a sign.
+
+use num_bigint::BigInt;
+use num_bigint::Sign;
+use core::mem::ManuallyDrop;
+
+/// An error that occurred when processing a SmallInt.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum SmallIntError {
+    /// Conversion error when converting from SmallInt to other integer types.
+    ConversionError,
+}
+
+impl std::error::Error for SmallIntError {}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for SmallIntError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        let Self::ConversionError = self;
+        write!(f, "Error converting integer to SmallInt.")
+    }
+}
+
+
+/// An integer-like type that will store small integers up to `i64` inline. Larger integers are
+/// represented as `BigInt` types, which are stored on the heap.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum SmallInt {
+    /// An integer stored inline.
+    Inline(i128),
+    /// A larger integer stored on the heap. This value is represented in base 2<sup>32</sup> and
+    /// ordered least significant digit first. Also stored with the size and sign of the integer.
+    ///
+    /// It is assumed that values stored on the heap are larger than the maximum value of inline
+    /// integers.
+    Heap((*mut u32, isize))
+}
+
+
+
+macro_rules! int_impl {
+    ($itype:ty) => {
+        impl From<$itype> for SmallInt {
+            fn from(a: $itype) -> Self {
+                SmallInt::Inline(i128::from(a))
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl TryFrom<SmallInt> for $itype {
+
+            type Error = SmallIntError;
+
+            fn try_from(s: SmallInt) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+                match s {
+                    SmallInt::Inline(i) => <$itype>::try_from(i).map_err(|_| SmallIntError::ConversionError),
+                    SmallInt::Heap((_, _)) => Err(SmallIntError::ConversionError),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+int_impl!(u8);
+int_impl!(u16);
+int_impl!(u32);
+int_impl!(u64);
+int_impl!(i8);
+int_impl!(i16);
+int_impl!(i32);
+int_impl!(i64);
+int_impl!(i128);
+
+
+impl From<u128> for SmallInt {
+    fn from(a: u128) -> Self {
+        match i128::try_from(a) {
+            Ok(i) => Self::Inline(i),
+            Err(_) => {
+                let mut v = a;
+                let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(4);
+                while v != 0 {
+                    vec.push(v as u32);
+
+                    v = (v >> 1) >> (32 - 1);
+                }
+                let mut slice = ManuallyDrop::new(vec.into_boxed_slice());
+                SmallInt::Heap((slice.as_mut_ptr(), isize::try_from(slice.len()).unwrap()))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<SmallInt> for u128 {
+
+    type Error = SmallIntError;
+
+    fn try_from(s: SmallInt) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        match s {
+            SmallInt::Inline(i) => u128::try_from(i).map_err(|_| SmallIntError::ConversionError),
+            SmallInt::Heap((r, s)) => {
+                let mut ret: u128 = 0;
+                let mut bits = 0;
+                let size = usize::try_from(s.abs()).unwrap();
+                let slice = unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(r, size) };
+                for i in slice {
+                    if bits >= 128 {
+                        return Err(SmallIntError::ConversionError);
+                    }
+                    ret |= u128::from(*i) << bits;
+                    bits += 32;
+                }
+
+                Ok(ret)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+impl From<BigInt> for SmallInt {
+    fn from(b: BigInt) -> Self {
+        match (&b).try_into() {
+            Ok(i) => SmallInt::Inline(i),
+            Err(_) => {
+                let (sign, vec) = b.to_u32_digits();
+                let mut slice = ManuallyDrop::new(vec.into_boxed_slice());
+                let size = match sign {
+                    Sign::Minus => -isize::try_from(slice.len()).unwrap(),
+                    Sign::NoSign => panic!("Shouldn't happen; BigInts which store zero should convert to inline."),
+                    Sign::Plus => isize::try_from(slice.len()).unwrap()
+                };
+                SmallInt::Heap((slice.as_mut_ptr(), size)) }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<SmallInt> for BigInt {
+
+
+    fn from(s: SmallInt) -> Self {
+        match s {
+            SmallInt::Inline(i) => Self::from(i),
+            SmallInt::Heap((r, s)) => {
+                let size = usize::try_from(s.abs()).unwrap();
+                let sign = s.signum();
+                let slice = unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(r, size) };
+                let bs = match sign {
+                    0 => Sign::NoSign,
+                    -1 => Sign::Minus,
+                    1 => Sign::Plus,
+                    _ => panic!("This shouldn't happen; There are only 3 signums."),
+                };
+
+                BigInt::new(bs, slice.to_vec())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod conversion_tests {
+
+    use crate::SmallInt;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_u8() {
+        let i = u8::MAX;
+        let s = SmallInt::from(i);
+        assert_eq!(u8::try_from(s).unwrap(), i);
+
+        let i = u8::MIN;
+        let s = SmallInt::from(i);
+        assert_eq!(u8::try_from(s).unwrap(), i);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_i8() {
+        let i = i8::MIN;
+        let s = SmallInt::from(i);
+        assert_eq!(i8::try_from(s).unwrap(), i);
+
+        let i = i8::MAX;
+        let s = SmallInt::from(i);
+        assert_eq!(i8::try_from(s).unwrap(), i);
+    }
+}
+